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Gentzen’s rules of natural deduction define the basic inference patterns which govern the use of logical constants within the logical system of natural deduction. In general, these rules are considered to represent a model that significantly approximates the actual use of counterparts of logical constants by competent speakers in everyday communication. Despite the fact that Gentzen’s system is assumed...
This paper investigates the semantic changes leading from primary meanings of sensory perceptions to lexicalized metaphors in Slovak. The cognitive semantic theory of the living word (Alefirenko 2009) is used as a theoretical framework for interpreting the patterns of lexicalization of figurative expressions motivated by the sensory perceptions of touch and taste. We have explored a figurative progression...
Against the background of crosslinguistic research on the grammaticalization of type nouns in Germanic and Romance languages, this article examines nominal constructions with the Russian rod (‘genus’, ‘genre’, ‘kind’) and tip (‘type’). The study proposes a comprehensive typology of constructions based on their functional-structural properties and semantic characteristics. Generalization of meaning,...
Exceptive phrases are a group of expressions used to indicate that something is an exception (e.g. English except Mars, Czech kromě Marsu). Some of these expressions are ambiguous: either they can subtract something from a particular set or they can add something to it. For these two types of phrases, this paper introduces the terms extractive exceptive phrases and additive exceptive phrases, respectively...
The aim of the paper is to analyse compounding and compoundness in Slovak, Czech and Polish. Compoundness is defined as a property of a complex word (compound) having at least two components with lexical meaning. The essential distinction between composition and derivation (affixation) lies in the number of bases in the structure of a word, so it is inevitable that we analyse the notions of base and...
Equivalence was a central concept in the early stages of modern translation theory. Despite being criticised in later periods, mainly in literary translation, its usefulness in specialised translation remains undoubted. I first examine the aspects of equivalence described in the literature on legal translation, arriving at no less than 32 different equivalent types. Building on these findings, I propose...
In the paper, we study discourse connectives and other discourse phenomena in Czech based on corpus data. We focus on the delimitation of connectives primarily from the functional point of view and we present their further classification into primary and secondary connectives based especially on their degree of grammaticalization. Special attention is paid to the variability of secondary connectives...
The study deals with prefixed verbs with při- and pře- which imply a preceding action, namely one identical or similar to the action denoted by a given verb (přisladit čaj ‘sweeten tea (a little more)’; převážit rybu ‘reweigh a fish’). The paper addresses these questions: 1) What factors cause the implication of a preceding action to be perceived with varying strength for different verbs? 2) Does...
The article will attempt to verify the hypothesis stating that, in contemporary Polish (especially in colloquial language), syntactic structures containing two imperative verb forms may be defined as serial verb constructions (SVCs). As our starting point, we assume that structures such as idź głoś, idź się utop (lit. resp. ‘go preach’, ‘go drown’) which are the subject of our analysis, fall into...
The article analyzes deviations from the neutral word order in Czech poetry composed in the syllabotonic metrical system. The poet may change the neutral word order usual for a stylistically neutral utterance so that he or she keeps the metrical or rhyme scheme chosen. In the article, selected collections of Czech 19th- and 20th-century poetry are examined. Deviations from the basic word order which...
The present study deals with suffixless nouns in Czech. Two data samples are analysed to demonstrate that suffixless nouns with an action meaning mostly correspond to a pair of verbs with different themes (conveying different grammatical aspects; e.g., skok ‘jump’ < skočit ‘to jump. PFV’ : skákat ‘to jump.IPFV’), whereas non-actional suffixless nouns tend to form a single corresponding verb which...
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